In a groundbreaking achievement, scientists have successfully created and measured liquid carbon using lasers, opening new doors for fusion energy research and our understanding of planetary interiors. This remarkable feat, long considered unattainable, was accomplished by an international team led by the University of Rostock and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), utilizing the DIPOLE 100-X laser at the European XFEL.
The Quest for Liquid Carbon
Liquid carbon, a unique state of matter, exists under extreme conditions found deep within planets and potentially in future nuclear fusion technologies. However, studying it in the lab has been a formidable challenge. Under normal pressure, carbon doesn’t melt; it transforms directly into a gas. Only at around 4,500 degrees Celsius and under immense pressure does carbon liquefy—conditions that no conventional container can withstand .
Laser Compression: A Nanosecond Transformation
To overcome these limitations, researchers employed laser compression, briefly converting solid carbon into liquid. This involved using the DIPOLE 100-X laser to send shockwaves through carbon samples, liquefying them for mere nanoseconds .
X-Ray Snapshots: Capturing the Fleeting Structure
During this fleeting liquid state, ultrashort X-ray laser pulses from the European XFEL were used to bombard the liquid carbon. The resulting diffraction patterns revealed the atomic arrangements in unprecedented detail. By varying pressure, temperature, and timing over many iterations, the researchers effectively created a time-resolved movie of carbon transitioning from solid to liquid .
A Diamond-Like Structure
The study revealed that liquid carbon exhibits a water-like structure with four nearest atomic neighbors, akin to diamond . This discovery challenges previous assumptions about the simplicity of liquid carbon’s structure and highlights its complex nature.
The Significance of the Breakthrough
This achievement has several significant implications:
- Advancing Nuclear Fusion: Liquid carbon may play a crucial role in technologies like nuclear fusion. Understanding its properties helps in designing efficient reactors .
- Planetary Science: Liquid carbon exists in the cores of giant planets like Neptune and Uranus. This research improves models of planetary formation and dynamics .
- Material Science: The experiment showcases a new era of studying matter under extreme conditions, paving the way for breakthroughs in material science and high-energy physics .
- Refining the Melting Point: The team also refined the known melting point of carbon, addressing longstanding discrepancies between theory and simulation. This data is vital for planetary science and nuclear fusion modeling .
The Technology Behind the Discovery
The experimental breakthrough hinged on coupling the XFEL’s high-speed X-ray pulses with the DIPOLE 100-X laser, developed by the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council . This setup, hosted by the HIBEF User Consortium at the HED-HIBEF experimental station, enabled simultaneous laser compression and X-ray diffraction measurements for the first time .
UK Innovation: The DiPOLE 100-X Laser
The DiPOLE 100-X laser, developed in the UK, was instrumental in creating the extreme conditions necessary to liquefy the carbon samples . Its high performance and reliability allowed scientists to push the boundaries of materials research.
Liquid Carbon’s Potential in Nuclear Fusion
Liquid carbon’s high melting point and unique structural properties make it a promising candidate for use in nuclear fusion plants . It could serve as a coolant for reactors and as a moderator to slow down neutrons, which is crucial for maintaining the chain reactions needed for fusion.
The Future of Liquid Carbon Research
This groundbreaking experiment marks a significant step forward in our ability to study matter under extreme conditions. With the D100-X laser technology soon to be installed in a domestic facility at the new Extreme Photonics Application Centre in Oxfordshire, UK, further advancements in this field are anticipated .
Beyond Fusion: Other Applications of Laser-Induced Carbon
The use of lasers and liquid carbon extends beyond fusion research, finding applications in cosmetic procedures such as carbon laser facials .
Carbon Laser Facials: A Beauty Innovation
Carbon laser facials, also known as “Hollywood Peels” or “China Doll Peels,” utilize liquid carbon and laser energy to rejuvenate the skin . This non-invasive treatment involves applying a thin layer of liquid carbon to the skin, which penetrates deep into the pores. A Q-switched Nd laser then targets the carbon particles, breaking them down and removing impurities, oil, and dead skin cells .
Benefits of Carbon Laser Facials
- Deep Cleansing: Removes dead skin cells, oil, and impurities from deep within pores .
- Skin Rejuvenation: Stimulates collagen production for firmer, younger-looking skin .
- Improved Skin Texture: Reveals smoother, softer skin .
- Pore Refinement: Helps shrink enlarged pores for a more refined complexion .
- Oil Control: Reduces excess oil production, beneficial for acne-prone skin .
- Even Skin Tone: Addresses pigmentation issues and uneven skin tone .
- Acne Reduction: Reduces acne by clearing clogged pores and controlling excess oil production .
The Carbon Laser Peel Procedure
- Carbon Application: A liquid solution of carbon is applied to the skin, penetrating deep into the pores .
- Absorption Phase: The carbon absorbs oil, dirt, and dead skin cells in the pores .
- Laser Treatment: A Q-switched Nd laser beam is directed at the carbon particles .
- Thermal and Photoacoustic Effects: The laser energy heats up the carbon, generating a controlled thermal effect in the skin layers. The laser beam disintegrates the carbon, bursting and displacing deposited debris .
- Skin Renewal: Kills dead skin cells, promotes collagen growth, and causes skin rebirth .
Conclusion
The creation and measurement of liquid carbon using lasers represents a major scientific achievement with far-reaching implications. From advancing nuclear fusion technology to enhancing our understanding of planetary interiors, this breakthrough promises to unlock new frontiers in science and technology. Furthermore, the application of laser-induced carbon in cosmetic procedures like carbon laser facials demonstrates the versatility and potential of this innovative approach.
