A working fluid is the liquid or vapor that circulates within a thermal system to absorb, transport, and reject energy. Its thermophysical properties determine operating pressures, efficiency, safety, and equipment design.
Working-fluid circulation rate is the mass or volume of working fluid moved through a system per unit time. It controls heat-transfer performance, pressure drop, pump power, and stable operation.
A working-fluid pump circulates liquid working fluid through a thermal cycle or heat-recovery system. It must provide sufficient flow and pressure while minimizing parasitic electrical consumption and cavitation risk.
A documented plan setting out how risks from Legionella and other water-system hazards will be managed. It defines responsibilities, monitoring, treatment, maintenance, and corrective actions.
A formal written scheme defining the pressure-system parts that require periodic examination, the examination intervals, and the competent-person requirements. It is a key element of managing pressure-system safety and legal compliance.
A Written Scheme of Examination (WSOE) is a legally required document that defines the scope and frequency of safety inspections for protective devices, pressure vessels, and pipework. In thermal engineering, it is crucial for ensuring regulatory compliance and identifying potential structural failures before they occur.
A system design framework that optimizes industrial thermal energy flows across five interdependent cycles: heating, cooling, power generation, recovery, and storage. It is vital in industrial engineering for maximizing overall thermodynamic efficiency and resource synergy in complex, integrated plants.
A specialized crystalline structure engineered with five-fold symmetry or multi-element configurations to optimize directional thermal conductivity and stress distribution. It is critical in advanced thermodynamics for channeling heat away from sensitive electronic components in highly specific, non-isotropic pathways.